Countering terrorism: When the battle within becomes the battle
without
Sean Perera
Recent terror raids in Australia, for instance, calls for reflection
on the possible motives behind this new form of terrorism that confronts
global citizens.
A likely motivator is that a small number of people from migrant
communities are unable or unwilling to cross cultural borders which
prevail between the culture of their home country and that of their new
country of residence. For these few, the drive to retain or even
recreate an idealised version of their home culture could lead to
violent consequences.
The connection between violence and terrorism is not new. In fact,
there are numerous historic examples, some dating as far back to 3000BC
Egypt. A classic example in the 5th Century AD was the terror attacks by
the Visigoths on the Roman province that forms modern Spain. Some
historians may even argue that India’s First War of Independence in
1857, known more popularly as the Indian Mutiny, was a series of terror
attacks instrumented by Indian sepoys against the British Raj.
Sri Lanka’s anti terrorism campaign - showing the way |
Contemporary examples of terrorist organisations include the IRA
guerrillas of Northern Ireland, the United Liberation Front of Assam (or
ULFA) in North East India; and the recently defeated Liberation Tigers
of Tamil Elam (LTTE) in our own country, Sri Lanka.
These terrorist movements have all used war and violence as a means
of gaining advantages which are politically denied to them. Their acts
of terror also exemplify malevolent retaliation against imperial
oppression and foreign rule.
Today we have before us a new form of terrorism, one that is more
politically and emotionally charged than the previous historic examples.
These terrorists do not hesitate to use terrible acts of violence to
send messages about fundamental political and religious beliefs. The
recent would be attack against an Australian army base is one such
example. These terror acts are not campaigns against a colonial master.
Instead they are attempts by extremists to send clear messages to the
rest of the world. They are instances when the battle within an
individual takes monstrous proportions and emerges to terrorise the
world outside.
There are several explanations for the emergence of this new form of
terrorism. One main line of thought refers to the significantly high
rate at which people migrate around the world, and specifically the
difficulties faced by second-generation migrants. The concept of
cultural border crossing can be used to explain this further.
More than ever before more people live in counties outside their
birthplace. The cultural differences in the home country and the new
country of residence create what migrants experience as cultural
borders. Cultural borders do not have physical margins like
military-maintained state borders. They are often represented by
behavioural practices and communication.
An example that comes to mind is the sacrosanctity to punctuality in
some cultures and the socially graceful “timelilessness” in others. A
more serious cultural border is France’s non-acceptance of head-scarfs
which are mandatory for women in some Islamic cultures. Cultural borders
pose immense challenges for migrants who wish to become assimilated into
a new country.
It is found that almost all first generation migrants are prepared to
cross such cultural borders when they decide to leave their homelands.
This does not seem to be the case for many second generation migrants,
mainly for two reasons. Most second generation migrants do not have
first-hand experiences of their parents’ home culture. Yet they are
brought up to respect the values that are endemic to that culture. For
example, their eating habits, dress and the language spoken at home
relate strongly to their parents’ home country.
Then there is the issue of second generation migrants not developing
a true sense of belonging to their new country of residence. It is
common for second generation migrants to be confronted with conflicts of
cultural identity. This is evidenced by non-conformist behavioural
practices of many second generation migrants in an attempt to “fit-in”.
In some cases, particularly when there are too many differences
between their home culture and the culture of the country in which they
live, second generation migrants are faced with the challenge of making
a choice. Unfortunately, in some of these cases the choices they make
can be skewed mistakenly by religious and political ideologies.
A few second generation migrants may choose to recreate the culture
of their parents’ home country, as they perceive would best exist. Such
a choice easily results in a radical standpoint.
Many social scientists believe that such a desire to vent to inner
turmoil is the root-cause of modern terrorism.
Unlike earlier terrorist organisations, modern terrorists are
motivated by personal desires to terrorise people so that they may send
messages which they believe (mistakenly) epitomise their ideal world.
Perhaps the answer to tackling terrorism in countries like Australia
then lies in helping migrants to transit smoothly across cultural
borders.
Crossing cultural borders is not as simple as one culture learning
more about another. Migrants should be made aware about the social and
historic reasons behind the cultural practices in their new homeland.
They need to be able to draw parallels between their own cultures and
that of their new country of residence. They should be shown purpose and
belonging with their new home. Most importantly, culture border
crossings need to be bridges built on mutual trust.
(The witer is a researcher at the Centre for the Public Awareness
of Science at the ANU. His research explores the importance of Western
and non-Western cultural differences in the exchange of knowledge). |