Shake hands with an Angel - meeting with Lt. Gen Romeo Dallaire
Dr Ruwan M Jayatunge M.D.
Recently I had the honour and privilege of meeting one of the
outstanding humanitarians and outspoken advocates for human rights of
our time - Lieutenant General Romeo A. Dallaire, (Ret'd) Senator, at
York University. His reputation reaches to many distant lands. Many Sri
Lankans know him as the commander of the UN Mission in Rwanda during the
Rwandan genocide. Although he is a Canadian icon he belongs to the
entire world that believe in peace and equality. Today he is serving as
a Senator in his native Quebec and dedicated his life to eradicate the
plague of child soldiers around the globe.
A UN Peacekeeper providing medical assistance to children during
the Rwanda conflict. File photo |
Gen Romeo Dallaire served in the UN peace keeping mission in Rwanda
during its darkest period. He encountered the worst of humanity in
Rwanda and oversaw the murder of 800,000 human beings. In front of his
eyes genocide took place and the civilized world did nothing to prevent
it. He was left alone to face the consequences. He went for the UN peace
mission in 1993 returned in August 1994 as a tormented and disappointed
man with a heavy emotional baggage.
Often peace keeping missions are tougher than the combat missions.
Peace keepers undergo tremendous physical and psychological pressure
following the restricted orders to intervene. Sometimes they are
compelled to watch atrocities take place in front of their eyes and they
are powerless to prevent it. Many peace keepers suffer from
psychological repercussions after their deployments. In 2006 the
commander of U.N. peacekeepers in Haiti, 58-year-old Urano Matta
Bacellar committed suicide following depression that he suffered during
the peace keeping mission.
Gen Romeo Dallaire too became a victim of his hazardous peace keeping
mission in Rwanda. His world was falling apart and he had to fight to
regain his sanity.He never gave up. He triumphed against all odds. Gen
Romeo Dallaire's story is full of courage humanism, and genuine effort
to fight for those who were deprived of basic human rights.
My Rwandan friend
For me Gen Romeo Dallaire's story has a special meaning. Still I am
anxious about my Rwandan friend Denzel. Denzel was one of my batch mates
at the Medical Faculty and he had come from Kigali Rwanda. “I cannot
forget your name” said Denzel when he first met me in 1986. “Your name
is similar to my country’s name, your name is Ruwan and my country is
Rwanda what a nice coincidence?” Indeed he was a pleasant guy full of
personality. He danced elegantly to the song ‘September’ that is sung by
the Earth Wind and Fire.
I did not know whether Denzel was a Tootsie or a Hutu, all I knew was
he was a nice human being and he was my friend. After finishing his
medical degree in 1993 he went to Rwanda and most certainly worked as a
doctor. His life must have been changed by the events that occurred in
Rwanda in 1994 when ethnic clashes broke out. I don’t know whether
Denzel is still alive. If he is dead let his soul find peace and
happiness according to his religious beliefs.
Rwanda is a beautiful country and it has been called ‘a tropical
Switzerland in the heart of Africa’. The country is situated in
east-central Africa and surrounded by the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi.Rwanda was colonized by the Germans
and then by the Belgians. Colonial rulers maintained the dirty policy of
divide and rule that created clashes between Hutu and Tutsi tribal
groups. The Tutsi constituted only about ten percent of Rwanda's
population and the Hutu nearly 90 percent. The colonial ruler's trick
was simple. The Belgians gave the Tutsi all the leadership positions to
rule over majority Hutu population.
This created high emotions among the majority Hutu population.
Although the Hutu and Tutsi shared a common past, solidified ethnic
divisions that were created by the colonial rulers created high tensions
between majority Hutu and minority Tutsi groups. After the struggle for
independence from Belgium these two ethnic groups had frequent clashes.
The animosity between the two groups continued for decades.
On April 6, 1994 when President Juvenal Habyarimana of Rwanda was
returning from a summit in Tanzania a surface-to-air missile shot his
plane and killed the President. President Juvenal Habyarimana was a Hutu
and this event ignited the age old rivalry. The Hutu extremists blamed
the Tutsis for the assassination of the President, and began one of the
biggest slaughters of human history.
The slaughter continued for 100 days and wiped out over 800,000 Tutsi
men women and children. During the genocide moderate Hutus were
eliminated in order to have total control over the annihilation. Most
Tutsis were killed brutally by hand weapons, often machetes or clubs.
Many faced torture before their horrible deaths. The women were raped.
The media that was controlled by the Hutu extremists had been
continuously spouting hate. During the genocide the radio broadcast
played an ignoble role revealing the hideouts of the victims and how to
continue the massacre of Tutsis. The road blocks were set up to hunt
down fleeing innocent people. It is estimated that some 200,000 people
who were poisoned by heat and prejudice participated in the perpetration
of the Rwandan genocide. As a result of the ethnic cleansing over three
million had been displaced.
Rwandan genocide
Gen Romeo Dallaire was the commander of the UN Mission in Rwanda
during the Rwandan genocide. When he first came to Rwanda he realized
that the tensions were mounting. He warned the UN and super powers of
possible ethnic cleansing. But his forewarnings were overlooked and his
forces were cut down from 3000 to a mere 500 men. It was a disastrous
decision. Rwandan genocide took place before his very eyes. Over 800,000
people perished within 100 days. The killing rate was eight hundred
murders per day and nearly 333 people per an hour. Every second five
people died and the Western nations did nothing to stop it. He was
ordered not to intervene. The Rwandans were abandoned to their fate.
Three days after the Rwandan killings began, about l,000 European
troops arrived in Kigali. They did not come to stop the genocide but
they had come to evacuate their own nationals.
Despite his orders to withdraw from Rwanda Gen. Dallaire stayed with
the helpless population. He was forced to become a spectator to
genocide. At one point Gen. Dallaire requested to block the Hutu radio
transmissions that was preaching hate and encouraging people to kill
Tutsis. According to one memo the US officials assessed the cost of
jamming the Hutu hate broadcasts at $ 8,500 per flight-hour. But the
Clinton administration refused to disrupt the radio broadcast. The
killings went on.
Gen Dallaire did his utmost and saved many lives as possible with his
limited resources. Constantly he pleaded the UN and US officials to send
more peace keepers and send emergency rations.
The things were moving very slowly giving him enormous mental
pressure and frustration. The UN had spent more human resources, more
money on former Yugoslavian peace mission. The slaughter continued.
Several times he disobeyed his high command when he was ordered to
withdraw from Rwanda. He was the only help and link for the abandoned
Rwandan people. He stayed until the help arrived. He left Rwanda with
severe emotional scares. Rwanda was a failure by humanity to stop the
genocide, despite timely warnings by people like Gen Dallaire.
Gen. Romeo Dallaire came back to Canada after his peace mission and
tried to settle down. But things were hard. Rwandan peace mission was a
moral minefield to Gen Dallaire. He could not forget the image of
slaughtered human corpses on the roads and in rivers.
He heard the cry of the helpless victims. He could smell the
decomposing human flesh. Above all the betrayal by civilized Western
countries put him in a dilemma situation. He felt that he had a
responsibility over those perished humans.
Following overwhelming psychological tension Gen. Romeo Dallaire
moved towards a negative stress coping style. He started abusing
alcohol. The doctors diagnosed that Gen. Romeo Dallaire was suffering
from PTSD. Once he attempted to end his life by committing suicide. The
Canadian Army discharged Gen. Dallaire under medical grounds. Hence his
35 year distinguished military career was over.
Although the illness wrecked him it could not destroy his deep love
and respect for humanity. He found a new powerful weapon to fight back
his illness. He dedicated his life to become a human rights promoter
with genuine devotion. He revealed the entire world what took place in
Rwanda and his efforts to stop the genocide. His conscience was clear.
He adopted positive stress coping style, went for psychotherapy and
continued his medication. Within a short period he was able to achieve a
remarkable progress. He was able to keep his PTSD symptoms at bay. He
was heading towards a complete recovery.
In 2006 on the Holocaust Memorial Day Gen Romeo Dallaire was giving
an interview to Jamie Owen. He revealed his Rwandan experience adding
the following remarkable words which captured the hearts and minds of
the people:
“One of the instruments that the extremists would use during the
genocide to gain more food and water and medical supplies, would be to
use very young children; five; six and such ages, put them in the middle
of the road and keep them there in order to stop the convoys with those
resources coming through. If the children moved away they simply killed
them outright with their machetes. And so on one day I was going between
the lines, and up ahead there was a child of about three or four years
old, and in no-man's-land we [were] not going to abandon a child, so we
slowed down expecting an ambush, we stopped, jumped out with a couple of
soldiers there was nobody. We went around to the huts to see if someone
would take care of this child, and all we found were bodies of people
who had been killed five or six weeks earlier on, decomposing and half
eaten by wild dogs and rats, and as we looked around we lost the child.
So we went back and found him in a hut where there were two adults male,
female, and some children in advanced states of decomposition. He was
sitting there as if it was home. I took the child and I brought him into
the middle of the road and I looked at him, and this young three or four
year old boy with a bloated stomach and scars and dirt in rags, flies
all around him, but then I looked into his eyes, and what I saw in the
eyes of that child was exactly what I saw in the eyes of my young son
before I left Canada. They were the eyes of a human child and they were
exactly the same. We have a responsibility to protect, we do not have
the right to assess and to establish a priority within humanity, for all
humans are human and not one of us is more human than the other.”
The Hotel Rwanda
The movie Hotel Rwanda was a message film and a gripping piece of
drama that disclosed the outside world the magnitude of planned genocide
that occurred in Rwanda. The film recounted the true story of a
courageous simple man Paul Rusesabagina (played by Don Cheadle) the
assistant manager of Milles Collines Hotel who became another Schindler.
Being a Hutu Paul Rusesabagina risked his life to save fellow Tutsis
from the extremist Hutu groups. For me the story of Gen Romeo Dallaire
and Paul Rusesabagina were highly inspirational and it led me to write a
poem - The eye witness of Hotel Rwanda.
The eyewitness of Hotel Rwanda
From a tiny window of Hotel Rwanda
I saw two tribes killing each other
Man against man
Brother against brother
I witnessed killing and massacre
The insane evil Radio
Controlled the minds of people
Constantly giving commands
Go gogo
Go and kill cockroaches
The good men of yesterday
Turned into savages
No remorse or guilt
Seeking blood and flesh
I saw little orphans in fear of death
Looking for safe places
No place to run
No place to hide
They were abandoned by the rest
of the civilized world
Failure of humanity
Rwandan experience was an eye opener for General Romeo Dallaire. He
had negative feelings that the so called civilized nations didn't come
to rescue Rwandans probably because some humans were considered less
human than others.
He often questioned himself after he returned from Rwanda - “are all
humans human or are some more human than others? Do some count less than
others? He needed answers. He found an outlet in his book ‘Shake Hands
with the Devil - The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda’. General Dallaire
has written a powerful story of betrayal, racism and double standards of
international politics.
Gen. Dallaire's outstanding book on his Rwandan experience “Shake
Hands With the Devil - The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda” is a
reproachful indictment of world leaders and UN bureaucrats who turned
their back when Rwandan people were in crisis.
In this book Dallaire describes the vivid events that took place
during the genocide and he further says that even the peace had been
murdered in that gorgeous African country. He truly counts himself among
its casualties. “Shake Hands With the Devil - The Failure of Humanity in
Rwanda” is a severe blow to the UN double standards and for those who
exercised in armchair ethics during a human crisis situation. To be
continued |