Contribution to Youth Employment Creation by Commonwealth
Garvin Karunaratne Michigan State University
Self-employment opportunities for youths
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On the occasion of the 58th Conference of the Commonwealth
Parliamentary Association in Sri Lanka in September 2012, it is timely
to note a real achievement by the Commonwealth Fund in creating
employment for the youth. This did happen in Bangladesh in 1982 where I
served as the Commonwealth Fund Advisor on Youth Development to the
Ministry of Labour and Manpower, In 1978, the Ministry of Youth
Development in Bangladesh had commenced technical and vocational
training for youths.
By 1980 around 30,000 youths were trained annually. The effort was on
the accumulation of skills and technical knowledge and graduating the
trainees with pomp and pageantry. The vast majority of the trained
lapsed into unemployment.
After the coup de etat in 1982, Air Vice Marshall Aminul Islam, the
Minister for Labour and Manpower in reviewing the work done in youth
development questioned me as to what contribution I could make to
Bangladesh. I replied that the Ministry should establish an employment
creation programme.
Commercial projects
This created a furore with the Ministry of Finance insisting that
employment creation is not a function of youth development. The greater
problem was that a well funded and full fledged programme for
self-employment creation implemented by the ILO in the three preceding
years in Tangail had ended in a miserable failure.
Self-employment programme I met all the arguments and insisted that I
could design and establish a self-employment programme that would change
the youth from being consumers in the economy to be net contributors by
their becoming commercially viable entrepreneurs. After around two hours
of deliberation I was instructed to establish a self-employment
programme without the offer of any subsidies. No new vote was granted
but funds already being spent for training could be diverted for
extension work to guide youths when they commenced commercial projects.
I accepted the challenge. Work commenced immediately, teaching youths
basic economics and motivating them to establish small commercial
ventures, where they were given intensive guidance. Based on the results
in two months’ time a pilot project was formally approved.
The design of the programme as developed in 1982-1983 took on the
following form: Teaching basic economics to all trainees. This included
costing material and labour, calculating profits/losses, commercial
viability and strategies for maximizing production, studies in the
economy, both local and national to ascertain areas of entrepreneurship
where there was a high potential for employment creation,
Training institutes
Following the concepts of (1) Import substitution, (2)
Self-sufficiency, (3) Assessing Consumer Demand and Production to cater
to such demand and (4) Self-reliance,
All training institutes were altered to handle training as well as
post training employment creation. The latter was to be done by
providing technical assistance to the youths who commenced their
projects,
All projects were to involve their family members. This ploy brought
in resources as well as expanded the scope of employment creation
projects to include family support and family members,
No subsidies were given. Intensive non-formal education guidance was
provided to enable the youths to develop their projects to become
commercially viable within six months.
Youth employment
The progress was outstanding. By Octomber1983 of the first 500
projects, 479 were commercially viable. By then 2,000 were being guided.
My task was to design the programme, train the staff and establish the
programme on a definite basis.
Comments by the Secretaries of the Ministry are as follows:
“Dr. Karunaratne’s significant contribution has been in the field of
self-employment to the drop-out youths. This programme was not only
designed but also guided by him. This activity which was initially
launched as a pilot experimental project has been a great success and
has now being adopted as a fill-fledged programme. The government of
Bamgladesh has been successful in providing meaningful employment to a
large number of youths on this programme”.(Asafuddowlah)
Dr. Karunaratne’s role as the formulator of the programme has been
particularly commendable. It was mainly through his dedication and hard
work that the pilot project has now been formally accepted as one of the
most important development projects. (Ayubur Rahaman) After my
assignment, the programme was continued by Bangladeshi administrators
who were trained by me.
The programme was expanded to 7,000 by 1987, to 16,000 by 1992 and to
160,000 per year from 1997. By March 2008, 2.9 million youths were
trained of whom 56 percent - 1.6 million were self-employed on a
commercially viable basis. By February 2011, over two million had been
guided to be self employed.(Report of the government of Bangladesh to
the IFAD(FAO) dated February 19, 2011)
The YSEP has stood the test of time for well over two decades. The
Five Year Plan of 1997-2002 of the Planning Commission of Bangladesh
devotes eight pages to this programme. This is easily the premier
employment creation programme that one can find in the world today.
All other programmes involve training and apprenticeship only and
never include the tasks of motivating people, involving them in
non-formal education endeavour to develop their abilities and
capacities, through technical guidance and management advice provided as
they work on their projects aimed at becoming commercially viable, which
are the cornerstones on which the YSEP has been based. The main task of
the Ministry of Youth Development today is to create employment for the
youths.
In a world riddled with unemployment and poverty, this success in
youth employment creation does offer us hope.
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