Issues on rubber growing in non-traditional areas
By Dr N Yogaratnam Chairman, Tree Crops Agro
Consultants
Rubber has been grown traditionally in the Low country Wet Zone
covering the South Western, Southern and Central parts of Sri Lanka,
though the Low and mid elevations in the Intermediate and Dry zones are
also being explored now with varying degrees of success. This tract is
however, now reaching a level of saturation for rubber cultivation and
the scope of further expansion is very much limited
Also, the area under cultivation had fallen sharply since the 1970s,
when over 200,000 hectares were under rubber. By 2004, only 115,300 ha
were under rubber. This increased to 124,300 ha in 2009. The total
extent is now 127,500 hectares of which the area in tapping is 101,720
ha . The area under tapping increased from 89,000 in 2004 to 95,300 in
2009 to 101,720 in 2011.
Although the planting cycle in rubber plantations is normally 30
years with a 3 % re-planting rate per year, yet, the area under
re-planting has been very modest. It was 5200 ha in 2007; 1000 ha in
2008; and 3,600 ha in 2009; 6500 in 2010 and 7100 in 2011. Increases in
rubber prices seem to act as a discouraging factor on re-planting.
Attempt has also been made to increase the new planting area by
40,000 ha, but this appears to be unlikely to be achieved due to
technical as well as non-technical reasons.
In the traditional area, progress in production will have to largely
come from productivity improvement achieved through replanting of old
and low yielding areas and better agro-management of mature plantations.
There are still wide gaps in productivity (see diagram 1). National
productivity is much below the achievable. Non-traditional areas so far
identified are only marginally suitable and rubber cultivation in none
of these areas can be expected to be ideal.
Non-traditional areas
Although the GOSL and the Rubber Industry are very keen to extend
rubber growing to non-traditional rubber growing areas in Uva and in the
Northern and Eastern provinces where land and labour are assumed to be
non-limiting factors, yet, there are several constraints to successful
implementation of such plans.
The non-traditional rubber growing areas have been focused in many
development projects with the aim of uplifting the rural poor but with
very little success.
Uva province is still the poorest with poverty Head Count Index1
(HCI) of 27%, while Moneragala and Badulla districts have HCIs of 33.2%
and 23.7%, respectively and being ranked as 2nd and 4th districts based
on this index (Department of Census & Statistics, 2009).
Under such circumstances, there is a risk of resource wastage unless
proper planning is done at the initial stages of rubber development
programmes in these areas. This is especially important in the
development of the smallholder sector where resource wastage is expected
to be more due to poor knowledge and non-adoption of technical
recommendations related to rubber planting and processing. Further, many
development programmes have failed due to insufficient attention on the
needs and thoughts of the community, in the planning process.
Being a relatively new initiative, there is a high degree of
uncertainty about the sustainability of the attempt in expanding rubber
into less suitable areas in terms of agro climatic condition, due to
inadequacy in knowledge on environmental, socio-economic, technological
and institutional aspects.
A pilot study under taken in Moneragala highlights many issues.
Socio-economic
Some of the key socio-economic characteristics of smallholder farmers
indicate the younger generation’s preference for rubber cultivation in
these areas. The proportion under 50 years of age is more under
categories of “potential farmer” and” farmers who own immature holdings”
compared to” farmers who own mature holdings”. The education levels of
the smallholders when categorized into (1) Primary (2) Ordinary level
qualified (3) Advanced Level qualified or higher, more than 50% of the
farmers have only primary level education. This is a limiting factor to
the efficiency of rubber farmers in the non-traditional rubber growing
areas.
Technical knowledge
The higher percentage with a monthly income of less than Rs. 10,000
(Approx. US$ 91) should also be regarded as a bottleneck for the
adoption of recommended technologies and therefore proper monitoring
systems need to be adopted in disbursement of subsidies in order to
ensure proper utilization of state funds and also that the subsidies
reach the appropriate category of farmers.
There appears to be some improvement in the economic status of mature
farmers. A higher proportion of farmers are above the monthly income
level of Rs.25,000/= (Approx.US$ 227) compared to ‘potential’ and
‘immature’ categories of farmers.
The technical knowledge on immature land’s maintenance programmes
appears to be the lowest in the villages tested with an average of only
21%. Knowledge on disease control measures is also poor indicating an
average in the range of 34%. Knowledge on 3 other field activities viz.
planting related activities, intercropping and soil fertility management
appear to be moderate, 49%, 45% and 50%, respectively in the selected
villages. Knowledge buildup on immature upkeep requires drastic
improvements in most of the holdings, as scores above 60% have not been
recorded in any of the holdings. Knowledge on tapping related activities
is also inadequate in general since the average awareness scores for
both general and technical knowledge on tapping appear to be low and is
below 40%.
Status of lands
In immature holdings, the recommended stand of 500 plants/ha has not
been achieved and it has come down to an average of 427 per ha. for
various reasons. Impact of drought appears to be the most prominent
cause with an average of 67%, and poor quality of plants provided is
understood to be in the range of 14% ,are the cause for plant
casualties.
Intercrops are grown in 79% of the immature rubber lands, but Cover
crops were not seen in 97% of the immature lands. Stone terraces were
seen in 37% of the fields while drains are present in 23% of the
immature lands.
Regular weed control measures appeared to be practiced in 98% of the
immature holdings. However, the recommended method of weed control; viz.
around the trees was practiced by 22% of the farmers, only. All the
farmers apply fertilizesr that are supplied to them through the subsidy.
Fertilizer application is normally done in 78% of the holdings, leaving
22% of non adopters. Method of application is according to the
recommended practice in 60% of the holdings, while 32% appear to be
applying fertilizer around the trees.
In mature plantations, the majority of the farmers (53%) do not
appear to know any thing about the clone in their field.
Clone RRIC 100 are being used in 23% of the lands and 17% of the
lands still have PB 86, a clone withdrawn from the recommended list,
long ago. The remaining extents had clones, RRIC 121 and RRIC 102. The
plant stand in the mature areas has come down further, to an average of
414 trees/ha compared to 500 trees/ha planted during establishment
period in the field. Further, the tappable trees are also in the range
of only 368 trees/ha
for various reasons.
Drought had been the main cause for the reduction in the stand per ha
in the absence of drought management practices by the farmer.
Poor quality of plants, besides animal and fire damages and tapping
panel dryness (TPD) were identifiable in the field.
Different types of intercrops are present in 35% of the mature
holdings. Among them, Cocoa and Banana appear to be more popular while
pepper, sugarcane and cinnamon are also present in several fields.
Diseases and other plant physiological disorders have not been
identified in 44% of the holdings. But, in 38% of the holdings tapping
panel dryness was observed and white root disease was also present in
19% of the holdings. Fertilizer application is being done in 54% of the
mature holdings. Method of application is according to the
recommendation in 57% of the holdings, while 8% applied fertilizer
around the trees.
Land issues
The majority of the respondent farmers in participatory studies were
‘potential’ rubber growers who had already received permits for rubber
cultivation and were expecting to cultivate rubber. The major issue in
most of the areas was related to planting material. Due to the high
demand for planting material, poor quality planting material have been
released to the farmers in certain occasions. Some farmers had
difficulties in getting permits for rubber cultivation, as these have
not been issued on time by the respective Divisional Secretariats.
Nearly 53% of the farmers indicated that they occupy state owned land on
lease or having ‘Swarnabhoomi’ or ‘Jayabhoomi’ deeds and some appear to
be encroachers. Further, delay in subsidy payments, poor knowledge on
rubber farming, marketing problems and lack of training facilities were
also raised as major issues by some farmers.
The production efficiency levels estimated using the Cobb-Douglas
production frontier ranged from 17% to 96%, with an average value of
59%. This suggests that 41% of the potential maximum productivity is
lost due to inefficiency of farmers in the Moneragala district. Nearly
48% of the growers are above the average value of 59%. Relatively a
higher percentage of farmers (14.6%) were in the efficiency range of 81%
to 90%. About 6% of the farmers were above the 90% efficiency level.
The effect of farm and farmer specific factors on inefficiency was
simultaneously estimated with the profit frontier. Among the variables
used in the analysis, tapping panel (PANEL), labour for tapping (TAPLAB)
and dummy for education (DOL) were significant at the level of 0.01
while extent of land (EXT), intensity of tapping (TAPINT) were
significant at 0.05 level. The extent of land (EXT) had a significant
estimate with a negative sign, which suggested that higher the
efficiency with higher the extent. The lands with extents less than 1.5
ha has efficiency values of 59% while an average efficiency of 71% is
seen in lands with extents greater than 1.5ha. Tapping intensity is
another important factor which affects productivity. Those who practice
the recommended level had high efficiency levels.
Labour
The average efficiency obtained by practicing recommended tapping
intensity was 60% while those who were not following the recommendations
had an efficiency level of 43%. Tapping panel (PANEL) also had a
significant negative estimate depicting those who tap on the virgin
panel (A & B) have higher efficiency levels. The average efficiency
observed in the virgin panel was 62% while it was 52% with the renewed
panels.
Hiring of outside labour had no effect on the efficiency. However,
those who tap their own land have higher efficiencies with respect to
intake per tapper. The average efficiency in the lands tapped by owners
themselves was 61% while when tappers were hired it was only 55%.
Distance and age of farmers did not have any significant effect on
efficiency.
To be continued tomorrow
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