Subsistence culture
Tewolde B. G. Egziabher
I am from Africa, and you also came from Africa, albeit generations
before me. I bring you all masses of love from your original mother,
Africa.
It is usual for the young, especially in Europe, to look at the old,
including their parents, as if they are past it; as if they are ready to
be buried and forgotten. Therefore, it is not surprising to me that
other continents think of Mother Africa as hopeless and view Africans as
permanently hungry.
Taking harvest for threshing. ANCL file photo |
Yes, there are hungry people in Africa. But there are also hungry
people in Europe, and in every other continent, for that matter. And,
yes, the proportion of hungry people is probably the greatest in Africa,
but I want to tell you why.
Food and feeding
Africa is where all humans came from. Therefore, Africa is the
continent that has fed humanity the longest. Our lore regarding food and
feeding is massive in Africa. Nevertheless, thanks to the centuries of
colonial and neocolonial plunder of resources and people, Africa is the
least populated of continents. So Africa, of all continents, has the
greatest potential to feed her resident people. Why, then, does the
image of hunger in Africa persist?
To answer this question, I want to take you back to the 1950s when
the industrialization of agriculture started in the violently dominant
countries of Europe and then America. The industrialization of
agriculture requires, among other things, a high population density.
This is because of its need for both a large market and a well-developed
transportation and marketing infrastructure.
Marketing infrastructure
The low population density of Africa meant that, because of its less
well-developed transportation and marketing infrastructure, small
quantities of subsidized food dumped on Africa by Europe and America
easily disabled its internal small food markets. Africa's non-mechanized
agriculture thus remained at a subsistence level and never developed
intensive agricultural production.
Now, the industrial agriculture of Europe and America, and recently
that of Asia, is increasingly in crisis. It is polluting the land, the
water and the air such that agricultural land is degrading fast, water
is becoming unsafe for humans and for most of other forms of life, and
polluted air is trapping the sun's radiation to the extent that the
whole biosphere is warming up. Global food production risks failing to
adapt to the changing climate.
This risk is growing in spite of the lure of quick fixes for all
agricultural problems claimed by genetic engineers. Fossil fuels, on
which the industrial culture, including industrial agriculture, depends,
are running out.
Subsidized foods
The rich banks of Europe and America are collapsing and governments
have had to buy up some of their assets. The agreements of the World
Trade Organization, which encouraged the dumping of subsidized foods in
Africa's urban centres, now, hold little authority. Indeed, negotiations
on these agreements have been stuck since the Ministerial Conference in
Seattle failed in 1999. I would not be surprised if the World Trade
Organization were now to simply fade away.
But we must, all the time, have food to subsist on, and the
subsistence farming of Africa is now the most intact of all agricultural
systems precisely because industrial agriculture has bypassed it.
So, the more-or-less intact African subsistence agriculture can
become a reference point from which to base sustainable global food
production, whilst ensuring it is compatible with the health of the
entire biosphere.
For a start, subsidized food dumping in Africa must cease. The
dependence it creates by destabilizing Indigenous agriculture is the
main reason why the proportion of hungry people in Africa is now so
high. But it will take only a few growing seasons for the rurally intact
subsistence food production systems in Africa to fill in the gap created
by the cessation of food dumping.
A new form of sustainable agricultural intensification is already
taking place in Africa. This started in four local communities in the
badly degraded north-eastern highlands of Ethiopia. Members of each
local community met and analyzed their environmental and agricultural
problems.
They then developed their laws to determine what each community would
do, and elected their own leadership to oversee the implementation. They
built terraces and bunds to prevent soil erosion; they restricted their
animals to specific areas and fed them crop residues so as to allow
grass, shrubs and trees to maximize growth in the rainy season, and
vegetation cover improved dramatically in just one rainy season. They
could then harvest the grass and add hay to the crop residues to feed
their animals sufficiently.
Crop harvests
The increased availability of animal dung and biomass waste made it
possible for them to make and apply compost on their respective fields.
Soil fertility improved and so did crop harvests. Rainwater percolated
through he improved soil structure and began recharging the water table
more fully.
Springs and streams began to flow again and strengthen, allowing
irrigation in the dry season, which increased food production further.
Trees that had disappeared owing to land degradation began returning in
subsequent rainy seasons. Farmers enriched the resurgent tree cover with
the species of their choice, usually fruit trees and leguminous trees
for both fodder and soil enrichment.
Starting from just these four communities, the practice is now
expanding throughout Ethiopia. In November 2008, the African Union
organized a conference in Addis Ababa, preceded by field visits, to
extend these innovative and sustainable practices to the rest of Eastern
and Southern Africa.
Food production
Of course, I am not implying that the corporations that have plunged
the world into unsustainability will simply give up. They will not, but
Africa's subsistence agriculture could be the basis for the much needed
intensification of sustainable food production, not only in Africa, but
throughout the world.
The time has come to learn from the wisdom and practical knowledge of
the people whose continent gave birth to humanity. We will then be able
to incorporate the globally resynthesized industrial culture of its most
impetuous species, Homo sapiens, into a more healthy form of development
that will sustain life robustly to the end of time.
-Third World Network Features
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