Human guinea pigs queue for cash in India
BANGALORE, India (AFP)
Lured by the money being offered by the dozens of global
pharmaceutical firms doing clinical trials in India, human guinea pig M.
Mahesh, is testing his sixth drug - this time helping in the search for
a cure for asthma.
Dressed in chequered green hospital dress and wearing a badge bearing
his photograph and a number, Mashesh, a welder, has no inkling at all
about the drugs he has allowed doctors to introduce into his body over
the past two years.
For now he has no regrets.
"So far no drug has had an adverse impact on my health. I will
continue to do this for the money I get," 27-year-old Mahesh tells AFP,
disclosing that for the lastest test he will be paid 5,000-rupees (111
dollars) by the research firm. "It is the sixth time that I am testing a
drug on myself," he adds. "They (officials of the firm) briefed me in
local language about the side-effects of the drug." His 19-year-old
friend, Bala Kumar, an electrician, said the 111 dollars he would be
paid for testing the drug on himself for 48 hours was more than his
monthly takings.
Mahesh and Kumar are among more than a dozen volunteers staying at a
"Subjects Housing" room at the Bangalore facility of Lotus Labs Private
Limited, a fully-owned subsidiary of Iceland-based Actavis which is
engaged in clinical and drug research.
Thousands of volunteers like them are driving India's nascent
clinical research industry which has attracted global pharmaceutical
firms such as Aventis, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Novo Nordisk,
Novartis, Pfizer and Sandoz.
According to a report by consultants McKinsey and Co., the Indian
clinical research industry can earn revenues of 1.5 billion dollars by
2010, at which time the country will need 50,000 professionals and about
300,000 "subjects" or patients.
Critics say India's huge illiterate population is in danger of being
misused by unethical firms to test suspect drugs. But industry officials
say each trial follows a strict code of ethics. "The volunteers undergo
health tests such as blood, urine, chest X-rays and heart check-up. If
they fail we do not enroll them for the test," says Sandhya Ravi, chief
of clinical services of Lotus Labs.
"A detailed presentation on the side-effects of the drug are made to
these volunteers. Their consent is also taken," she says.
"Blood samples are collected about 21 times during the testing which
varies from 36 hours to 72 hours. A drug wash-out period of 90 days is
strictly adhered to. So these volunteers cannot enroll for testing for
the next three months," she said.
"Strict protocols for safety are followed and the trial is monitored
by an ethics committee comprising doctors, lawyers and even housewives,"
Ravi says.
Under Indian laws, only testing of new and generic drugs which have
gone off patent and are manufactured in the country are permitted, and
on healthy volunteers. All pre-clinical trials other than on rodents are
banned.
But as soon as pre-clinical trials on animals are over in a foreign
country and the new drug has been tested on healthy volunteers in that
nation, the drug can be used in India for so-called second and third
phase trials.
Clinical research organisations recruit volunteers through newspaper
advertisements or word-of-mouth. Industry officials say it costs upwards
of one billion dollars to make a new drug, with clinical trials
accounting for almost two-thirds of the cost. In India the trials can
cut costs by more than 55 per cent due to cheap and skilled scientific
manpower and availability of abundant volunteers. |