Medicinal value of coral ecosystem
Charmaine FERNANDO
Sri Lanka is surrounded by an ocean alive with marine life. A living
coral reef forms a halo protecting the land from sea erosion. Myriad
colourful marine life abounds here. This is a natural laboratory of
medicinal value which we should protect and harness for the benefit of
man. The creator of all nature has bestowed many blessings to the human
race. Even at this eleventh hour we should attempt at realizing its true
potential and preserve it for posterity.
Humans have been attempting to understand and use oceanic resources
since ancient times. Coral Reef products have been traditionally used
for treating various ailments in Taiwan, Japan, China, and India. In
Europe, where the comparatively deep-water coral reefs remained
unexplored until later ages, the benefits of Coral and Coral Organisms
became known only in the ninth century with the westward spread of
Islam; the invading Asiatic Muslims brought with them highly
sophisticated Medical knowledge and methods thus far unknown to the
Europeans.
Health advantages
The Persian Philosopher Al-Kindi, writing in 830 A.D., mentions the
use of Coral in his book "Medical Formulary", and in Penaranda de Duero
in Spain, where the world's oldest pharmacy was established in 1685 and
has now been turned into a Museum, jars of powdered Coral are displayed
and its various health advantages are documented in the reference books
written in 1792 by Felix Palacios.
The nineteenth century oversaw an extraordinary advance in marine
research; in one instance, a Scientist named Dr. Bottard, who was
researching the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, actually injected
himself with Stone-fish poison to study the paralysis caused by the
toxin!
These days, with high-tech methods available for chemical analysis,
researchers fortunately don't have to go to such lengths. Marine
Pharmacology, in its modern form, has gained in scope and importance
with technological and medical advances and the need for newer, more
effective treatments. Modern medicines are manufactured from a
wide-ranging variety of chemicals that are usually obtained from
divergently placed natural sources.
In recent times, marine sources have begun to take precedence over
the terrestrial ones as the former produce relatively more kinds of the
required chemicals and, as in the case of Coral Reefs, these can all be
obtained from the same area. Coral Reefs are among the most biologically
varied ecosystems on Earth and are home to incredibly diverse kinds of
plants and animals that live together in mutually beneficial
relationships. Amongst them probably, even now, are certain species that
haven't even yet been discovered!
Apart from Corals, which have Calcium and 74 other life-enhancing
minerals, some of the Coral Reef organisms that hold special importance
for the Pharmaceutical Companies are invertebrates like Sponges,
Tunicates, Bryozoans, and Octocorals that are permanently attached to
some surface. Since they are immobile, it becomes necessary for them to
produce chemicals for either attracting prey or repelling predators, for
reproducing, and many other purposes. Many of these chemicals have been
found to have important antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer
properties, and are therefore highly sought.
Genetic engineering
Formerly, large numbers of marine organisms were required to obtain
very small amounts of the needed chemicals and Corals too were
indiscriminately harvested.
In both cases, this badly affected their marine population and
thereby the delicate Reef ecosystem. Nowadays, fortunately, this isn't
necessary. Genetic engineering has made it possible to extract the
required DNA from a minuscule tissue sample.
This DNA is then cloned and produces the necessary chemical in
greater amounts. It is also now possible to grow aquacultures of some
organisms in laboratories.
This is good news for the marine ecology as well as medical research.
However many bio-active marine products are extremely complex and will
require still more research before they can be prepared artificially.
The marine chemical extracts, before being cleared for medical
purposes, are first tested for effectiveness on animals. If the extract
can competently reduce inflammations or kill cancer cells or do whatever
is expected, it is then tried out on humans. If it proves as beneficial
here and shows no toxic side effects, it stands a chance of going into
commercial production. All this is a very long, expensive process.
At present, marine chemical extracts like histamines, hormones,
antibiotics, and secosteroids have helped create drugs like AZT, Ara-A,
Ara-C, and Dolostatin 10, which combat AIDS, Cancer, Asthma, Arthritis,
and Inflammatory Disorders.
They are also proving beneficial for people with heart, kidney, and
liver transplants. Corals have been used in human bone-grafting and Cone
Snail poison has been used to produce a painkiller.
It is necessary to develop new, more effective drugs as many diseases
have unfortunately become resistant to commonly used drugs. With over
7000 potentially useful marine species being currently studied by
scientists, Marine pharmaceutical research offers promising
possibilities.
In the next few years, it may be possible to avail of new therapeutic
drugs for treating or, hopefully, even curing life-threatening illnesses
like AIDS and Cancer. For such benefits, however, the underwater
medicine chest must first be adequately protected and conserved. |