Lessons from King & Gandhi
Saleem H Ali
Concerted military struggles against an oppressive regime are clearly
plausible as was the case in the World Wars but when the matter comes
down to anarchic violence that is unable to differentiate civilians from
military foes, the moral legitimacy of any such activities is eroded.
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Martin Luther
King |
Mahatma Gandhi |
As much of the world celebrated the victory of Barack Obama, I was
drawn to the grave of the man who most singularly can be credited for
making this victory possible. The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr, whose
struggle for civil rights cost him his life forty years ago, showed the
world how a nonviolent movement against prejudice could eventually
prevail so long as there was citizenry and legal capacity for reform.
Dr King’s charismatic oratory galvanised millions to action across
the racial divide and still draws thousands of people to a rather
rundown part of Atlanta, Georgia, where he is buried.
Auburn Street and its environs have become emblematic of the Civil
Rights struggle, which brought America out of the dark age of
oppression.
The United States Government has declared this neighbourhood a
National Historic Site and several buildings in the area commemorate the
struggle for equal rights for African Americans.
Dr King’s home and church are situated in this precinct, but most
significantly, this is now the headquarters of the King Centre for
Nonviolent Social Change.
A tranquil pool greets visitors to the centre with the elevated crypt
containing the remains of Dr King and his beloved wife Coretta Scott
King (who died in 2006). Along one side of the complex is a pavement
with memorial plaques, with footprints of some of the great civil rights
activists who assisted Dr King.
Just before one comes to the entrance of the visitors centre, there
is a bronze statue of Mohandas Kamarchand Gandhi - a man whom Dr King
credited as an inspiration towards nonviolent activism. The statue was
donated by the Indian embassy but it is clearly well-placed in this
memorial.
While it is true that Gandhi was not supportive of the establishment
of Pakistan, let us not forget that this was a man who also sacrificed
his life to support peaceful relations between Muslims and Hindus.
He was willing to keep a fast unto death to stop post-partition
violence and was killed by a Hindu fanatic for having too many
sympathies with Muslims and Pakistanis.
Despite his initial misgivings, he accepted Pakistan’s establishment
and embraced the cause of peace unequivocally.
Beside Gandhi’s statue at the King Centre in Atlanta is a quotation
by Albert Einstein in memory of Gandhi, which still rings true:
“generations to come will scarcely believe that such a one as [Gandhi]
ever in flesh and blood walked upon this Earth.”
Even though the two icons of nonviolence never met each other, Dr
King made a special visit to India in 1959 to learn Gandhian nonviolent
techniques of civil disobedience.
While revisionist historians may claim that the fall of the British
Empire was more likely caused by the crumbling of resources following
World War II, the impact of Gandhi’s struggle on Dr King and the
American Civil Rights Movement can never be underplayed.
It was because of the strategy of nonviolence that Dr. King was able
to garner so much support and ultimately prevail as opposed to other
violent means that would have perpetuated the struggle by marginalising
activists as “terrorists”.
Alas this lesson is still not being learned by many in the Muslim
world, who still feel that violence is the only path to victory. They
are quick to give examples of how Hizbullah succeeded to expel the
Israeli army through violence and the relative ineptitude of the
Tibetans in working out any deals with China because of their sole
reliance on nonviolence.
Yet they miss an important point in making these comparisons.
Concerted military struggles against an oppressive regime are clearly
plausible as was the case in the World Wars but when the matter comes
down to anarchic violence that is unable to differentiate civilians from
military foes, the moral legitimacy of any such activities is eroded.
Furthermore, when there are clear institutions in place, such as
courts, Parliamentary bodies with accountability and civil society
organisations to channelise nonviolent struggles, then the chances of
success by a nonviolent path are far greater than with a violent one.
Thus terrorist activities are not only morally wrong but also
strategically flawed in most circumstances.
These distinctions were well perceived by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as
well, since he always fought organised battles as a last resort and no
matter how severe the oppression, there is no record of any Muslims
during that golden age ever kidnapping or sabotaging civilians from the
other side.
This struggle between strategies was clearly prevalent in the
American Civil Rights movement as well. Leaders such as Malcolm X
advocated more violent means to reach their goals in contrast to Dr
King.
Malcolm X initially became a member of the black supremacist Nation
of Islam, but subsequently converted to mainstream Islam. Interestingly
enough, his pilgrimage to Mecca was a transformational experience as it
moderated his views from violence to nonviolence and from prejudice to
egalitarianism. He too was assassinated but towards the end of his life,
his views appeared to be more in line with Dr King’s in terms of
approaching the oppressor at a human level rather than dehumanising the
conflict through random violence.
As we try to make sense of when violence is justified and who is a
martyr - a victim, an oppressor, a freedom fighter or a terrorist - let
us keep in perspective these lessons from India and across the Atlantic.
Dr Saleem H Ali is associate professor of environmental planning at
the University of Vermont and on the adjunct faculty of the Watson
Institute for International Studies at Brown University. |