Stone Age graveyard reveals ‘Green Sahara’
The largest Stone Age graveyard found in the Sahara, which provides
an unparalleled record of life when the region was green, has been
discovered in Niger, an international team of archaeologists led by
University of Chicago Professor Paul Sereno reported on Thursday.
The remarkable archaeological site, dating back 10,000 years and
called Gobero after the Tuareg name for the area, was brimming with
skeletons of humans and animals — including large fish and crocodiles.
Gobero is hidden away within Niger’s forbidding Tenere Desert.
The discovery of the lakeside graveyard — representing two successive
human populations divided by more than 1,000 years — is reported in the
Sept. issue of National Geographic magazine and the Aug. 14 issue of the
journal PLoS ONE.
As they explored the site, the team tiptoed among dozens of
fossilised human skeletons laid bare on the surface of an ancient dune
field by the hot Saharan wind.
Jawbones still clenched nearly full sets of teeth; a tiny hand
reached up through the sand, its finger bones intact. On the surface lay
harpoon points, potsherds, beads and stone tools. The site was pristine,
apparently never visited.
“Everywhere you turned, there were bones belonging to animals that
don’t live in the desert,” said Sereno. “I realized we were in the Green
Sahara.” The excavation eventually revealed some 200 graves clearly
belonging to two successive lakeside populations. The older group,
determined to be Kiffian, were hunters of wild game who left evidence
that they also speared huge perch with harpoons when they colonised the
green Sahara during its wettest period between 10, 000 and 8,000 years
ago.
Their tall stature, sometimes reaching well over 1.8 meters, was not
immediately apparent from their tightly bound burial positions.
The more recent population was the Tenerian, a more lightly built
people who appeared to have had a diverse economy of hunting, fishing
and cattle herding. They lived during the latter part of the Green
Sahara, about 7,000 to 4,500 years ago. Their one-of-a- kind burials
often included jewelry or ritual poses — a girl wearing an upper-arm
bracelet carved from a hippo tusk, for example, and a stunning triple
burial containing a woman and two children in a poignant embrace.
Although the Sahara has long been the world’s largest desert, a faint
wobble in Earth’s orbit and other factors occurring some 12, 000 years
ago caused Africa’s seasonal monsoons to shift slightly north, bringing
new rains to the Sahara.
From Egypt in the east to Mauritania in the west, lakes with lush
margins dotted the formerly parched landscape, drawing animals, fish and
eventually people. Separating these two populations was an arid interval
perhaps as long as a millennium that began about 8,000 years ago.
The team is continuing to analyse Gobero bones for more clues to the
people’s health and diet. A large-scale return expedition is planned to
the site to further explore the two populations that coped with extreme
climate change.
WASHINGTON, Aug. 14 (Xinhua)
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