Renounce sensual pleasures That bond is strong, say the wise. It hurls down, is supple, and is hard to loosen. This too the wise cut off, and leave the world with no longing, renouncing sensual pleasures. Tanha Vagga - The Dhammapada

The science of meditation

Nimal Rajapakse, Ph.D.

Meditation: Over many millennia, people were aware of the remarkable connection between the mind and the body. Recent scientific research on the effects of meditation on physiology of man has discovered the basic mechanics behind this amazing connection.

However, the 'science' of meditation, i.e. understanding how meditation effects the physiology of the meditator and the outcomes of such effects have just begun to take shape thanks to several researchers based mainly in the United States.

Today, over one thousand peer-reviewed scientific research articles published in many prestigious journals are available on this subject.

Studies on meditation

Many studies have shown that meditation has not only a mental effect but also wide ranging and profound physiological effects. In this article, key physiological effects of meditation and the mechanism of action behind such effects are briefly summarized.

For in-depth information on the subject, several excellent monographs and a large number of research papers are available. These can be easily located using an internet search engine with a phrase such as 'meditation physiology' or 'science of meditation'.

Such recent searches have resulted in over 1,800,000 citations, over 1000 of which are scientific research publications.

In his pioneering work on the physiological effects of meditation, Dr. Herbert Benson of the Harvard Medical School, in 1971 published the results of his first study on meditation followed by the multi-year national bestseller monograph, The Relaxation Response, in 1975.

It is a resounding testament to Dr. Benson's revolutionary insight about the 'fight or flight response versus the relaxation response' that this groundbreaking monograph is still available as a mass market paperback even after 35 years of initial publication.

Dr. Benson was the first to suggest that the cause for societal stress that we all experience from time to time in varying amounts is the result of our inability to react to the stressful situations in the way our bodies are programmed naturally during human evolution.

For millions of years, as creatures living in forests, our ancient ancestors reacted to threatening situations in one of two ways. If the threat was deemed manageable, they evoked the 'fight' response and fought off the threat. If the situation was deemed hopeless, they ran for their lives invoking the 'flight' response. However, once we began to become more and more 'civilized' neither of these responses became viable options.

The fight or flight reflexes

The fight or flight reflexes prepare the body for survival action using the responses given on the left column in the table below. However, modern man being unable to use up the physiological energy created this way by our natural instincts, had to learn to cope with the civilized norms and not respond to the stressful situations as the nature had intended us to do.

The result of this is the stress that we all experience. However, Dr. Benson pointed out that our bodies are capable of evoking another response to curb the effects of the fight or flight response. He named this 'the relaxation response'.

The principal difference between the two responses is that the fight or flight response is automatic and the relaxation response needs to be consciously evoked. Meditation is the technique for evoking the relaxation response which bring about the results shown in the right column in the table above.

Our bodies respond to meditation through three physiological systems;

1. Autonomic Nervous System,

2. Endocrine System and,

3. Musculature System.

These systems are very tightly interconnected and therefore interdependent. The chemical changes resulting in one system often has a cascading effect over the other systems.

The autonomic nervous system controls the body parts which function automatically. It has two branches; the sympathetic nervous system which increases arousal when the body is under threat.

The effect of this system is the 'fight or flight response' which is characterized by increase in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, sweating, blood glucose, blood flow to muscles, alertness etc. The other, the parasympathetic nervous system, is responsible for restoring the body to a relaxed state.

In simple terms it can be stated that the sympathetic system is designed to handle the stressful situations and the parasympathetic system to return the body to its natural (relaxed) state.

The endocrine system

To study what part of the brain is effected by meditation, researchers at the Harvard Medical School used MRI technology to monitor activity of the brain while the subjects meditated.

They observed that meditation stimulated the sections of the brain in charge of the autonomic functions such as digestion, blood pressure regulation etc. The endocrine system releases hormones which modify the action of the organs in response to the signals from the autonomic system.

The main organ of this system is the Adrenal gland situated above the kidneys. The adrenal gland produces the hormones adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol. These three are responsible for preparing the body for survival by invoking the appropriate response to any stressful situation at hand.

Most of the other endocrine hormones are produced in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus. These are associated with changes in the mood, pain threshold, immune system activity and the tone of smooth muscles (the muscles of the organs).

The musculature system consists of skeletal muscles (the muscles connected to the bones) and smooth muscles (the muscles of the organs). The skeletal muscles are voluntary (work as commanded by the brain) where as the smooth muscles are autonomous (work involuntarily).

All types of meditation effect all three above systems although in varying degrees. Most early research work had been done on Concentration Meditation, particularly Transcendental Meditation (TM) and Breathing Meditation (anapana).

However, more recently, publications are beginning to appear on Insight Meditation (vipassana) as well.

Control of breathing

One principal mode of physiological effect of meditation appears to stem from the control of breathing. Respiration is directly linked with the autonomic nervous system.

Chemical receptors in the walls of aorta (central conduit from the heart to the body) and carotid arteries (main arteries in the neck that supply blood to the brain) help to control breathing and are sensitive to changes of the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) circulating in the blood.

Over-breathing results in lower CO2 concentration while under-breathing leads to a build up of CO2 in blood. Mildly higher CO2 levels result in para-sympathetic dominance (relaxation) while severely higher CO2 levels result in sympathetic dominance (fight-flight response).

Shallow and controlled breathing in meditation causes mildly high CO2 levels and activates the parasympathetic system which leads to a feeling of relaxation with decreasing in heart rate, blood pressure, blood coagulation time and acuity of senses.

These effects are the result of reduction of the so called 'stress hormones' adrenaline, cortisol etc. and the increase of endorphins or the feel good hormones facilitated by the endocrine system as mentioned above.

A recent medical invention uses the above hypothesis to reduce high blood pressure simply by controlling the rate of breathing. A US FDA approved electronic apparatus called RESPeRATE(r) utilizes patented technology to deliver certain kinds of breathing exercises.

It is nothing more than a 'walkman' type listening devise which commands the listener to breath in and out on cue. When these exercises are performed for as little as 15 minutes a day, 3-4 times a week, they have been shown to significantly lower blood pressure with no side effects.

RESPeRATE(r), available for purchase for about US$ 300 from www.bio-medical.com, utilizes a patented technology to pace breathing from the normal range of 14 to 19 breaths per minute to the "therapeutic zone" of under 10 breaths per minute. The same reduction of blood pressure could be simply achieved via meditation as mentioned above due to the slowing of the rate of breathing.

Furthermore, studies of the brain using electroencephalography (EEG) during deep meditation have revealed a slowing and synchronization of brain waves with alpha waves predominating. Emotional tension is known to severely curtail the alpha waves.

Another type of brain activity called the theta wave, which is practically non existent in chronically stressed states, begin to emerge as the meditator enters into a deeper level of concentration. Alpha state of the brain is most conducive to creativity and to assimilation of new concepts while the theta state capable of producing deep insight and intuition.

It is significant to note that increased alpha and theta activity of the brain continues to exhibit for some time even after the meditation session has ended.

Studies comparing different types of breathing during meditation have concluded that deep diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing was associated with higher EEG alpha response. Thoracic (chest) breathing on the other hand produced weaker alpha response.

Abdominal breathing

Abdominal breathing in which the diaphragm moves up and down in concert with exhaling and inhaling respectively, is also known as 'Yogic Breathing' since this practice was used by Yogis in India over many centuries.

A popular public health web-site, WebMD, reported that follow up of several studies which began in the '80s have revealed significant cardiac and cancer benefits among groups of meditators compared to control group of non-meditators.

The results reported were quite amazing to say the least. Overall, the meditators were 23% less likely to die of heart disease and stroke. The effect of meditation on hypertension was far more pronounced than all non-drug treatments such as salt restriction, exercise and weight loss.

During meditation the concentration of stress hormones such as adrenalin and cortisol in blood goes down. Cortisol is one of the key stress hormones. Consistently high levels of Cortisol in blood result in a long list of physical ailments.

Another hormone produced in the brain, CRF (Corticotrophin Releasing Factor) is the regulator of Cortisol production. Excess CRF in brain tissue is linked to depression and mood swings.

Fast drop in lactate concentration

High levels of Cortisol makes the body crave for fatty food. The excess fat intake is stored in the abdominal area and the resulting abdominal obesity is a leading cause for type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.

Another blood chemical significantly effected by meditation is Lactate. Lactate is a byproduct of sugar and starch metabolism. Higher Lactate concentration in blood produces feeling of anxiety. Studies have shown up to four times as fast drop in Lactate concentration in meditators compared to subjects resting while lying down.

During meditation, blood flow to the brain increases while less blood is circulated to the rest of the body. Another blood chemical Arginine vasopressin (AVP), a beneficial compound in retaining mental alertness, have been measured up to four times the normal levels in meditators compared to control groups. AVP in synthetic form is routinely prescribed to patients with severe mental dullness due to old age.

In essence, modern science has uncovered the reasons behind the well known phenomenon 'the mind-body connection'. It can be stated in simple terms that when practised regularly over a period of time, meditation can produce profound physiological effects.

It is quite satisfying to see that this age old technique has finally undergone extensive scientific scrutiny. The conclusions on the physiological benefits have been remarkable and the cascade of chemical processes uncovered in the studies are amazingly complex and intricate.

The writer hold a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry from the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka and, M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of British Columbia, Canada.

When not engaged in his professional field of Analytical Chemistry, his interests lie in the fields of Future of Religion and the Interaction Between Religion and Science.

Comparison of the qualities of the Fight or Flight Response and the relaxation response

Qualities of the Fight or 		Qualities of the 
Flight Response				Relaxation Response

Increased heart rate			Decreased heart rate
Increased blood pressure		Decreased blood pressure
Increased respiratory rate		Diminished respiratory rate
Higher pulse rate			Lower pulse rate
Increased oxygen consumption		Decreased oxygen consumption
Increased blood lactate			Decreased blood lactate
Increased muscle tension		Decreased muscle tension
Rapid production of cortisol		Reduction of cortisol
Production of noradrenaline		Reduction of noradrenaline
Unconsciously elicited			Consciously elicited
Stress inducing				Stress releasing
Outer focus of attention		Inner focus of attention
Eyes wide open				Eyes shut
Involuntary				Voluntary 
External stimulus			Internal stimulus
Surprise, unpredicted, stimulus		Daily routine or habit as stimulus
Unplanned				Planned
Active internal dialog			Quiet, silent internal dialog
Narrowing or focusing of attention	Expansion of attention
Sensory					Senses transcended
Physical activity			Mental activity
Physical movement			Physiology at rest
From non-movement towards movement	From movement towards non-movement
Unlearned				Learned
Elicited by loud noise			Elicited by subtle sound then silence
Builds unhappiness			Builds happiness
Increases rate of aging			Decreases rate of aging
Helps the individual survive and evolve	Helps the individual progress and evolve
Most excitation of consciousness	Least excitation of consciousness
Ready for most effort			Least effort
Repeated elicitation may lead to use of Repeated elicitation diminishes need to use 
					drugs narcotics and drugs
Experience of being at odds with 	Experience of being at one with environment
environment	
Attitude of resistance			Attitude of acceptance

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Kasi Nagar - A living shrine where pilgrims from the world converge

Kasi Nagar: There are several Buddhist texts translated from the ancient Pali language of India, to depict the grief striken scene there was at Kushinara (modern Kasi-Nagar), when Sakyamuni Gotama Buddha passed away (His Parinibbana) on a full moon day, in the month of May (453 BC or 483 BC? at the ripe age of eight years.

At that moment, and for days before his two faithful disciples, Venerable Ananda and Ven Anuruddha, together with many monks were there at his make-shift bed amidst tall flowering Sal trees. The great Teacher's last words were:

"Brothers, recall these words very well. All that is composed is perishable. Work diligently towards your own salvation"

When the Blessed One's final attainment of Nibbana took place, there was a great earthquake. Brahma Samapthi uttered this stanza:

'No being in the world but shall lay down

The temporary compound of its person.

And even such a Teacher without peer

In all the world, perfected, with the powers,

Enlightenment, has attained complete extinction'

Kusinara did not become the living shrine till about the 12th century. Both Maj. General Sir Alexander Cunningham and Archaeologist Archibald Carlyle took a great interest, and extensive excavations were carried out at the site to finally expose the Nirvana statue and the stupa behind it.

The Nirvana statue of Gotama Buddha is 6.1 Metres in length, and has been carefully executed out of a single block of red sandstone, probably a type of Chunnar. The statue is placed on a brick pedestal. In 1956, as part of the Buddha Jayanthi is placed on a brick pedestal.

In 1956, as part of the Buddha Jayanthi celebrations, at the request of the Buddhist world, the Government of India restored the Temple completely, giving it 'a new look' and more space inside for pilgrims. The Buddha image remained untouched. It is an Archaeological treasure.

It is on record that, when Shri Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India, proposed in the India National Assembly that over a billion Indian rupees be spent to archaeologically restore several places of Buddhist worship in time for the Buddha Jayanthi celebrations in 1956, A Communist Member of the State Assembly who sat in the Opposition side, questioned the wisdom of such a proposal, and what benefit if would give India, when thousands were hungry in Bengal.

Shri Nehru replied him in just one sentence, "What greater gift can India give to the whole world than the message of the noble Buddha"!.

Buddhists of the world, those living in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Nepal, Ladak, India, Bhutan, Vietnam, Japan, China and in Taiwan are today grateful to the Indian Government Archaeological Survey, for restoring and up-keeping these sites for pilgrimage and veneration.

When this writer first visited Kushinara in 1946 (nearly 60 years ago), the stupa was painted in gold. It had a chattya or Royal umbrella made of metal about 8 feet in height. The Viharage itself was very small, having only two small windows giving little light inside.

The Nirvana statue was there inside the small room, with two Tibetian lamas chanting their Suttas, seated all the time carrying their prayer beads. This reclining Buddha image is truly one of the most precious ones before which a fortunate Buddhist could mediate. It moves pilgrims to shed tears, knowing where the Master passed away. (U.S)