The Female Factor:
In Sweden, the men can have it all
Katrin Bennhold
From trendy central Stockholm to this
village in the rugged forest south of the Arctic Circle, 85 percent of
Swedish fathers take parental leave. Those who don’t face questions from
family, friends and colleagues. As other countries still tinker with
maternity leave and women’s rights, Sweden may be a glimpse of the
future.
In this land of Viking lore, men are at the heart of the
gender-equality debate. The pony tailed center-right finance minister
calls himself a feminist, ads for cleaning products rarely feature women
as homemakers, and preschools vet books for gender stereotypes in animal
characters. For nearly four decades, governments of all political hues
have legislated to give women equal rights at work - and men equal
rights at home.
Swedish mothers still take more time off with children - almost four
times as much. And some who thought they wanted their men to help raise
baby now find themselves coveting more time at home.
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Ludde Omholt with his son, Love, in
Södermalm, a bohemian and culturally rich district in
Stockholm. From Swedish capital to the villages south of the
Arctic Circle, 85 percent of Swedish fathers now take
parental leave. |
But laws reserving at least two months of the generously paid,
13-month parental leave exclusively for fathers - a quota that could
well double after the September election - have set off profound social
change.
Companies have come to expect employees to take leave irrespective of
gender, and not to penalize fathers at promotion time. Women’s paychecks
are benefiting and the shift in fathers’ roles is perceived as playing a
part in lower divorce rates and increasing joint custody of children.
In perhaps the most striking example of social engineering, a new
definition of masculinity is emerging.
“Many men no longer want to be identified just by their jobs,” said
Bengt Westerberg, who long opposed quotas but as deputy prime minister
phased in a first month of paternity leave in 1995. “Many women now
expect their husbands to take at least some time off with the children.”
Birgitta Ohlsson, European affairs minister, put it this way: “Machos
with dinosaur values don’t make the top-10 lists of attractive men in
women’s magazines anymore.” Ms. Ohlsson, who has lobbied European Union
governments to pay more attention to fathers, is eight months pregnant,
and her husband, a law professor, will take the leave when their child
is born.
“Now men can have it all - a successful career and being a
responsible daddy,” she added. “It’s a new kind of manly. It’s more
wholesome.” Back in Spoland, Sofia Karlsson, a police officer and the
wife of Mikael Karlsson, said she found her husband most attractive
“when he is in the forest with his rifle over his shoulder and the baby
on his back.” In this new world of the sexes, some women complain that
Swedish men are too politically correct even to flirt in a bar.
And some men admit to occasional pangs of insecurity. “I know my wife
expects me to take parental leave,” said a prominent radio journalist
who recently took six months off with his third child and who preferred
to remain anonymous. “But if I was on a lonely island with her and
Tarzan, I hope she would still pick me.” In 1974, when Sweden became the
first country to replace maternity leave with parental leave, the few
men who took it were nicknamed “velvet dads.” Despite government
campaigns - one featuring a champion weightlifter with a baby perched on
his bare biceps - the share of fathers on leave was stalled at 6 percent
when Mr. Westerberg entered government in 1991.
Sweden had already gone further than many countries have now in
relieving working mothers: Children had access to highly subsidized
preschools from 12 months and grandparents were offered state-sponsored
elderly care. The parent on leave got almost a full salary for a year
before returning to a guaranteed job, and both could work six-hour days
until children entered school. Female employment rates and birth rates
had surged to be among the highest in the developed world.
“I always thought if we made it easier for women to work, families
would eventually choose a more equal division of parental leave by
themselves,” said Mr. Westerberg, 67. “But I gradually became convinced
that there wasn’t all that much choice.” The Father of Sweden’s Fathers’
Leave (June 10, 2010) Sweden, he said, faced a vicious circle. Women
continued to take parental leave not just for tradition’s sake but
because their pay was often lower, thus perpetuating pay differences.
Companies, meanwhile, made clear to men that staying home with baby was
not compatible with a career.
“Society is a mirror of the family,” Mr. Westerberg said. “The only
way to achieve equality in society is to achieve equality in the home.
Getting fathers to share the parental leave is an essential part of
that.” Introducing “daddy leave” in 1995 had an immediate impact. No
father was forced to stay home, but the family lost one month of
subsidies if he did not. Soon more than eight in 10 men took leave.
The addition of a second nontransferable father month in 2002 only
marginally increased the number of men taking leave, but it more than
doubled the amount of time they take.
Clearly, state money proved an incentive - and a strong argument with
reluctant bosses.
Among the self-employed, and in rural and immigrant communities, men
are far less likely to take leave, said Nalin Pekgul, chairwoman of the
Social Democratic Party’s women’s federation. In her Stockholm suburb,
with a large immigrant population, traditional gender roles remain
conspicuously intact.
But the daddy months have left their mark. A study published by the
Swedish Institute of Labor Market Policy Evaluation in March showed, for
instance, that a mother’s future earnings increase on average 7 percent
for every month the father takes leave.
Among those with university degrees, a growing number of couples
split the leave evenly; some switch back and forth every few months to
avoid one parent assuming a dominant role - or being away from jobs too
long. The higher women rank, the more they resemble men: few male chief
executives take parental leave - but neither do the few female chief
executives.
Parents may use their 390 days of paid leave however they want up to
the child’s eighth birthday - monthly, weekly, daily and even hourly - a
schedule that leaves particularly small, private employers scrambling to
adapt.
While Sweden, with nine million people, made a strategic decision to
get more women into the work force in the booming 1960s, other countries
imported more immigrant men. As populations in Europe decline and new
labor shortages loom, countries have studied the Swedish model, said
Peter Moss an expert on leave policies at the University of London’s
Institute of Education.
The United States - with lower taxes and traditional wariness of
state meddling in family affairs - is not among them. Portugal is the
only country where paternity leave is mandatory - but only for a week.
Iceland has arguably gone furthest, reserving three months for father,
three months for mother and allowing parents to share another three
months.
The trend is, however, no longer limited to small countries. Germany,
with nearly 82 million people, in 2007 tweaked Sweden’s model, reserving
two out of 14 months of paid leave for fathers. Within two years,
fathers taking parental leave surged from 3 percent to more than 20
percent.
“That was a marker of pretty significant change,” said Kimberly
Morgan, professor at George Washington University and an expert on
parental leave. If Germany can do it, she said, “Most countries can.” If
the Social Democrats win Sweden’s election on Sept. 19, as opinion polls
predict, they will double the nontransferable leave for each parent to
four months, said Mona Sahlin, the party leader who would become
Sweden’s first female prime minister.
Mrs. Sahlin, who had three children as a Member of Parliament with
her husband sharing the leave, knows that this measure is not
necessarily popular.
“Sometimes politicians have to be ahead of public opinion,” she said,
noting how controversial the initial daddy month was and how broadly it
is now simply expected.
Courtesy: The New York Times
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