A river for Jaffna – the Arumugam Plan
D. L. O. Mendis
Eng. S Arumugam published A River for Jaffna in 1954 which became
known as the Arumugam plan. His son Eng. Thiru Arumugam provided a
synopsis of the plan for a Pugwash workshop on “Learning from ancient
hydraulic civilizations to combat climate change”, Colombo, Nov. 2007,
as follows: Jaffna Peninsula with an area of about 400 sq. miles, is
relatively flat and has no rivers.
It is dependent for recharge of the water table in the underlying
limestone aquifer on annual rainfall of about 50 inches, of which about
87 percent is in the NE monsoon, during October to December.
In the past, water was drawn from wells by well sweeps, “which fed
market gardens like those in Fulham and Chelsea” (Tennent 1855). From
1950s pumps have been used and over-pumping has drawn down the fresh
water in the limestone aquifer resulting in sea water intrusion into
wells. Now about 30 percent of wells are saline.
Rainfall
Elephant Pass lagoon |
To increase availability of fresh water in Jaffna we must look at
sources alternative to rainfall in the peninsula.
South of the peninsula, the relatively shallow sea water Elephant
Pass lagoon has a surface area of about 30 square miles. It’s catchment
area of about 363 square miles in the mainland Vanni consists of the
Kanakarayan Aru basin and three smaller streams.
During the NE monsoon these streams discharge surplus water from the
Vanni into the Elephant Pass lagoon, which water flowed to waste in the
sea through the Eastern end at Chundikulam and through the Western end
Elephant Pass bridge.
Vadamarachchi and Upparu lagoons with surface areas of about 30 and
10 sq. miles respectively in Jaffna peninsula, cover a significant 10
percent of the peninsula’s land area of about 400 square miles.
These salt water lagoons have access to the sea, but during the NE
monsoon some rain water from their catchment areas also feed into them.
A River for Jaffna, Arumugam Plan proposed to utilize monsoon rain water
from the mainland streams running to waste through the Elephant Pass
lagoon, for the benefit of Jaffna.
Key points of the scheme and details of work done are as follows:
* Openings in the road and rail bridges in Elephant Pass causeway at
the Western end of Elephant Pass lagoon were closed to prevent fresh
water going to the sea from this end.
* A bund was built in the 1950s, at the eastern end of Elephant Pass
lagoon at Chundikulam to isolate Elephant Pass lagoon from the sea, with
a spillway provided to discharge excess flood water to the sea.
Elephant Pass lagoon became a fresh water lagoon, but unfortunately
the Chundikulam bund was soon breached by heavy floods, thus allowing
sea water inflow to Elephant Pass lagoon since then.
* A 40 foot wide two and a half mile long channel, called the
Mulliyan Link Channel was proposed from the North Eastern side of the
Elephant Pass lagoon to convey fresh water from the Elephant Pass lagoon
to the Vadamarachchi lagoon at its Southern end, including regulatory
gates to control the flow. Unfortunately only about two and a quarter
miles of channel was completed in the 1960s, when funds ran out and the
work was never completed.
Thondamanaru Barrage at the Northern end of Vadamarachchi lagoon
where it joins the sea, was also built, starting in 1947 and completed
in 1953, to make Vadamarachchi lagoon a fresh water lagoon. Windmills
were also provided to draw water for cultivation.
Following the 1945 Webb proposals, Arialai barrage was built in 1955
where the Upparu lagoon connects to the sea, to make Upparu a fresh
water lagoon.
A link channel was built between Vadamarachchi and Upparu lagoons so
that fresh water from Elephant Pass lagoon can be supplied to Upparu
lagoon via Vadamarachchi lagoon. The present condition is that the gates
are no longer watertight and sea water enters Upparu lagoon.
Fresh water lagoons
In the brief period that Vadamarachchi and Upparu were fresh water
lagoons, the benefits to the peninsula were noticeable and many saline
wells became potable water wells, thus establishing the rationale of the
River for Jaffna.
The scheme was thus only partially completed in the 1960s and the key
Mulliyan link channel to convey fresh water from Elephant Pass lagoon to
Vadamarachchi lagoon was never completed.
In January 1983 a report was submitted to President J.R. Jayewardene
urging completion of the scheme. President directed his officials in May
1983 to implement the scheme. But due to the July 1983 disturbances and
its aftermath this did not happen.
In April 2003, Minister for Irrigation and Water Management, Gamini
Jayawickrema Perera wanted to visit Jaffna to learn more about the River
for Jaffna, when the A9 road was opened. This did not happen and he went
by air to Pallai instead. He inspected Thondamannar but could not go
beyond Muhumalai to the Elephant Pass lagoon. He had described the
project as an “all embracing solution for water problems in Jaffna”.
At the Annual Sessions of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, (IESL)
in October 2007 a Resolution was passed recommending to Government to
undertake early implementation of the project. When the resolution was
submitted to President Mahinda Rajapaksa, a sum of Rs. 100 million was
released for restoration of Thondamannar barrage and this work has since
been done.
The benefits of completing this project include the following:
Agricultural use
About 20,000 acres of land is cultivated with paddy in the Jaffna
peninsula. This cultivation is entirely rain fed unlike paddy
cultivation on the mainland which is fed by irrigation channels. As it
is rain fed, the yield per acre in Jaffna is very poor and is only about
one-third of the average yield per acre on the mainland.
If the Vadamarachchi and Upparu lagoons become fresh water lakes, the
water table and water quality in the wells will improve, and using lift
irrigation it will be possible to irrigate these paddy fields without
depending purely on the rain. The potential for improvement in the yield
is staggering.
About 11,000 acres of land bordering the Vadamarachchi and Upparu
lagoons are uncultivable at present as they are saline. When these
become fresh water lagoons, after the salt is leached from the soil, it
will be possible to cultivate this 11,000 acres with cash crops and
paddy.
There
will be a dramatic improvement in the water quality of the 30 percent of
the Jaffna wells which are now saline. In many cases water will become
suitable for domestic use and agricultural use, increasing the acreage
under agricultural cultivation.
In the existing wells it will be possible to increase the amount of
daily pumping without the water going saline, thus increasing
agricultural cultivation and livestock production.
Fresh water prawn farming can commence on the banks of the lagoons,
with potential for export earnings. Converting the Elephant Pass lagoon
into a 30 square mile fresh water lagoon will provide fresh agricultural
possibilities on both sides of the lagoon i.e. the Jaffna peninsula side
on the North, as well as the Vanni side on the South, once the salinity
has been leached from the soil.
Work needed to complete the scheme
Step 1: Recondition Thondamanaru Barrage. Replace and repair
perished wooden gates and lifting devices etc.
If this barrage is made watertight Vadamarachchi lagoon will become a
fresh water lagoon fed with rain water from its 115 square mile
catchment area. As stated this has already been done on the instructions
of President Rajapaksa.
Step 2: Recondition Arialai Barrage
Repair and replace perished planked bays and replace with screw
operated gates. Repair breaches in separation bund between Vadamarachchi
and Upparu lagoons as required. This will make Upparu lagoon a fresh
water lagoon fed with rain water from its 85 square mile catchment area.
Step 3: Complete Mulliyan Link Channel
When completed it is a possibility that water in Elephant Pass lagoon
in the NE monsoon may be sufficiently low in salt content for diversion
to Vadamarachchi and Upparu lagoons as described.
Step 4 : Complete Spill cum Causeway at Chundikulam at the
Eastern end of Elephant Pass lagoon. When completed Elephant Pass lagoon
will become a fresh water lagoon.
Proposed Water Supply
for Jaffna project - National Water Supply and Drainage Board
Meanwhile, without any reference to the River for Jaffna project, the
NWS & DB in association with SMEC International Pty Ltd of Australia and
Ceywater Consultants (Pvt) Ltd had prepared a Jaffna Water Supply and
Sanitation Feasibility Study. (Ref. Final Report, March 2006). This may
be an example of conflict between regional interest groups and central
State authority. A loan of US $ 80 million equal to Rs 9 billion at
present rates, has been negotiated, with a local component of Rs 3
billion making Rs 12 billion total.
A submission has been made to President Rajapaksa that much of this
sum of money can be saved if the River for Jaffna project is completed
as planned. A part of these savings may then be transferred to
manufacture single super phosphate at Eppawala, and save on imports of
fertilizer.
Post conflict rehabilitation of people and restoration of water and
soil conservation ecosystems, including the River for Jaffna.
Sri Lanka lost two opportunities to restore its ancient water and
soil conservation ecosystems, first in the modern mega Accelerated
Mahaweli Development project, and later in the post-tsunami
rehabilitation program, PTOMS that was fortunately not implemented.
IDPs
Post-conflict rehabilitation of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
and demobilized services personnel largely from rural areas outside the
conflict areas, may now be a last chance to restore stable and
sustainable water and soil conservation ecosystems, to achieve a durable
peace. The River for Jaffna project, one of a very few modern projects
without ancient origins, must be an integral part of such rehabilitation
based on ‘Water for people and nature’.
In a separate study, a basis for resettlement of IDPs with special
reference to restoration of Commons and highland cultivation (not new
irrigation systems) has been prepared based on the model of Dr. Ray
Wijewardena’s Kohomba coconut estate in Kakapalliya.
References: A River for Jaffna by D.L.O. Mendis, Sri Lanka Pugwash
References for A River for Jaffna - from Water Resources Development,
Jaffna Peninsula by Eng. K. Shanmugarajah, Fast Books, Australia, 1993
Twyneham (GA Jaffna) 1879 Report - to convert Elephant Pass Lagoon,
Vadamarachchi lagoon and Upparu lagoon to freshwater reservoirs.
Horseburg (GA Jaffna) 1916 Report - on implementation of above proposal
Balasingham (MLC) & Webb (DIE) 1930 Report - proposed barrages to stop
salt water intrusion into the lagoons. Balasingham proposed Mahaweli
diversion to Jaffna. Webb proposed two barrages at Thondamannar (built
in 1953) and at Ariyalai (built in 1955). Arumugam Plan 1954 - Elephant
Pass lagoon scheme. |