The calendar - an item of global appeal
Andrew Scott
January is the month of calendars throughout the world and anyone is
happy to receive the gift of a calendar particularly from the business
establishments most of which make it a pleasurable habit to gift their
valued customers with a calendar or two.
The calendar is a very useful item which we turn to from the time of
one's birth up to his time of demise.
At the very moment one is born to this world his kith and kin make
use of a calendar to know for certain the day, date and month of the
year on which the babe was born and from the time a new birth is
registered up to the time of one's death we make use of calendars to
ascertain the day, date and the month of these events.
A series of events and activities are packed between the birth and
the death of any person and in each one of these important events we
turn to the calendar when we have to refer to the day, date and month of
any important personal, social, national or international event.
As such there is no doubt that the calendar, in whatever form, shape
and colour it appears, is one of the most important items in all human
societies.
It is quite surprising that in spite of the fact that all of us from
the school going child to the oldest adult make use of this important
item many of us do not ever care to think, at least at the beginning of
a new year, the impact of calendars on our daily activities and the
interesting saga of the gradual development of the calendar.
Different Classifications
Calendars in various shapes, forms and colours continue to serve the
same purpose throughout the world. Calendars can be classified as wall
calendars, desk calendars and pocket calendars.
It is important to recall that all of us living in widely different
parts of the world make use of calendars to keep track of important
personal and other events and today we cannot even imagine a world
without any calendars because the entire modern world has got so used to
the concept of using calendars.
At the beginning of a new year people throughout the world replace
their old calendars with new ones and Sri Lanka is no exception to this
age old tradition. While the most useful purpose of any calendar is the
indication of the date, day and month of the year some use calendars for
ornamental purposes to adorn the walls of houses and offices and others,
specially the business community, use them as an effective medium of
advertising.
The word calendar is derived from the Latin 'Kalendae', a cardinal
day of the Roman month. We know that the rudiments of all sciences,
including that of astronomy, began from the evidence of man's senses.
The original concept of the earth was that it was round and that rain
was water that dropped through holes in the sky-roof. To the savages the
sun seemed to go down into the sea in the west and to rise in a like
manner in the east and eclipses of the sun (solar) and moon (lunar) were
believed to have been brought about when invisible monsters in the sky
seized the sun or the moon!
Measuring Time
Later these early astronomers developed their hypotheses and began to
reckon and measure time with reference to the sun, the moon and the
stars. They also observed that the rising and setting of particular
stars or constellations took place in an orderly and related pattern.
Making observations of these, the earliest astronomers were able to
fix the seasons. Before long the change of the sun's height at noon and
the lengthening and shortening of the days were noticed and the idea of
the year came into being. Later on the year was arranged with some
regularity into months.
However, the days were not fitted correctly into the months and the
number of days in each year was not settled in this undeveloped
calendar. It was from this basic concept of the year of the primitive
world that the astronomers of the ancient cultured nations were able to
prepare the calendar we use today.
The Egyptians had set the great Pyramid by reckoning cardinal points.
In reckoning the year they added to the 12 solar months of 30 days each,
5 intercalary days, bringing the total number of days in each year to
365.
The study of the motions of the planets by ancient Babylonian
astronomers followed and subsequently the treasured knowledge of the
Babylonians and the Egyptians was taken by the learned Greeks, who used
more scientific methods and measurements.
The Greek astronomers were familiar with the idea of the earth being
a sphere and they measured the movements of the heavenly bodies in
relation to their new idea of the earth.
Later, due to the indefatigable efforts and clear observations of
immortal scientists such as Corpernicus, Kepler and Newton, man was
stripped off the fond conceited ideas of the heavenly bodies.
In ancient Rome the years were named after their Consuls and this
strange way of numbering the years was used by other ancient city-states
too.
Later the learned Romans found out another system to number the
years. They had ascertained the traditional founding of Rome as 753 B.C.
By this reckoning they numbered the years from the founding of the city.
Early Calendars
From the earliest times the Roman year was divided into 12 months of
varying lengths and the year consisted of 355 days. The remaining 10
days of the solar year were made into an extra or intercalated month
called Mercedonius.
Julius Caesar asked the great astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria how
the Roman calendar (which was confused and inaccurate) could be
reformed. The solution was the making of a year of 366 days every 4th
year. That's how the leap year came into existence.
Inconveniently long
In the first century B.C. this system of intercalation broke down and
Julius Caesar had to make one year (46 B.C.) as inconveniently long as
445 days.
He also decreed that from that day onwards the year should have 365
days with one intercalated day falling every 4th year. It is this year
that is now known as a leap year.
This is the calendar we use today. It is also interesting to note
that prior to Caesar's reforms March was the first month of the year.
The Romans gave us not only the calendar but also the names of the
months of the year. Some of the months (September, October, November and
December) were numbered in a different way and they occupied places
which were entirely different from those they occupy in the present
calendar.
This anomaly was due to the fact that the Romans too had numbered the
months taking March as the first month of the year.
Most of the names of the months were named after the seven planets or
their gods, as known to the ancients. So we have Sun's day. Moon's day,
then the days of Mars, Mercury, Jupiter and Venus.
The Anglo-Saxons called them after their heathen gods and we get
Tiw's day (Tuesday), Woden's day (Wednesday), Thor's day (Thursday) and
Figg's day (Friday). The seventh day became Saturn's day (Saturday).
That made the week.
An interesting fact to note is that the great Anglo-Saxon historian
Adam Bede was the first to introduce the concept of A.D. and B.C. to
denote Anno Domini (in the year of our Lord) and Before Christ. During
the time of the Sinhala kings too there had been astronomers as well as
astrologers who had prepared calendars.
In his much celebrated book, An Historical Relation of Ceylon, Robert
Knox says: "These men (astronomers) make leet, that is almanacs that
last for a month. They are written in talipot leaves, a little above a
foot long and two fingers broad ... Their year consists of 365 days.
They call their year Avuruddha. This they divide into 12 months.
They divide these months into weeks each consisting of seven days
...." Closely linked with the calendars are the diaries that most of us
use for the recording of important personal and official events that
take place throughout the year. In the modern world diaries appear in
various forms, shapes, sizes and colours and some lucrative business
establishments bringout very expensive diaries or distribution among
their customers and friends.
Today, unlike in the past, almost all the people - specially the
working people, have got used to the habit of using a diary to record
their important daily events and to help them to remember important
forthcoming events and engagements. These diaries too serve a very
important purpose.
In spite of the stride of changes that have taken place and are still
taking place in the modern world the wide use of calendars and diaries
has come to stay with us and will continue to do so throughout the march
of human civilisation. |